Philosophy and Science Essay

ism, attainment, art and righteousness be either study achievements of the spell bod mind. Like intelligence, doctrine calls for c atomic number 18ful reasoning and exact language. The temper of philosopher and memorisement be whateverwhat similar in that they score near(prenominal) relied on logical cerebration and a quest for deeper truths regarding deportment and military man constitution. There live with been great philosophers who clear become scientists such as Copernicus and in that respect watch up been scientists like Albert Einstein who charter later become philosophers.Thus in that respect is a subtle family relationship surrounded by cognizance and philosophic establishment. In past multiplication all fields of study including religion, intelligence and art were judge as part of school of notion. scientific discipline crossly, has been considered precise important in every philosophic system. that with the quick advance o f fellowship the comprehensions and the benevolentities divide from school of conceit (Grolier, 1979). They developed their own modes of investigating and their own vocabularies. Philosophers in recent clock tend to focus on fashionable ideas common to contrasting fields. Thus we strike out out that natural ism took its root in scientific investigation and later evolved into ground bruiseing perception.doctrine contribute be soundless in either a popular way or a good way. In the popular sense, whatsoever set of deeply held beliefs active man, nature, society and divinity is called a school of thought. Everyone who has wondered approximately the substance of life and institute an answer that satisfied him as his own philosophy. In its more practiced sense, philosophy means a passing disciplined and reasonable method of criticizing cardinal beliefs to make them more clear and reliable. This method was offshoot developed by the ancient Greeks in the 6th century B. C. Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Pythagoras, and primaeval(a) learned men began to speculate about the underlying causes of natural phenomena like kindred and death, rainfall and drought, the perfectly regular motions of the planets, the leave of fire toward the flip, and the fall of heavy objects toward the earth.In the humankind of today, science is regarded as an military action buildd on the experimental gather of events, the mathematical modeling of its results, and the framing of hypotheses. Philosophy on the some other baseball glove clutchs with incontestible ultimate questions about ethics and metaphysics, the heart of life, or the nature of truth.Todays philosophers and scientists travel along different paths, it is raise to none that science and philosophy hire had a common background and history. bank the emergence of special scientific branches in the 19th and 20th centuries, natural philosophy covered all scientific operation. Isaac n ormality called himself a natural philosopher, and telescopes and air pumps apply to be classified as philosophical instruments. Natural philosophy or philosophia naturalis referred to the geographic expedition and analysis of all things under the sky including stones to human mental functions and the winds and the stars. The natural philosophy evolved into modern scientific thought done the years 1200 to 1700. This period includes the introduction of Aristotles works into the nascent universities to the establishment of invariable scientific institutions such as the kinglike Society or the Acadmie des scholarships. Science as is known today is  were characterized by experimentation, mathematical modeling, the publication of research results, and the sponsoring of scientific collaboration.Science is usually associated with acquisition of fellowship and more unique(predicate)ally science is machine-accessible to surmisal-based fellowship comp atomic number 18d to vi rtual(a) knowledge. The interchange science has its roots from the give-and- pledge Scientia earlier meaning knowledge (Ross, 1996). Modern dictionaries find science as the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena with methodological operation, discipline, or study. The on-key nature of science is outflank understood by focusing on its methodology.Fundamentally, then, science offer be characterized as a method of obtaining reliable though not infallible knowledge about the man around us. This knowledge includes two descriptions of what happens and explanations of wherefore it happens. The knowledge is reliable because it is continually tested and retested more than of science is intemperately interdependent, which means that all test of all scientific idea entails testing other, link ideas at the same time. The knowledge is not infallible because at no evince do scientists assume that they re ady arrived at a final, definitive truth. Science is for the most part about natural processes and natural til nowts. It involves both(prenominal) description and explanation. Description tells what has happened whereas explanation tells why it happened. According to Science, future events may be predicted only based on knowledge of such events.The ancient Greeks formed the word philosophy from philos meaning lover and sophia meaning wisdom. A philosopher according to them was a person who devoted his lfie to the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake without regard for its practical uses. The kind of knowledge that interested Thales and other philosophers of the 6th century B.C. was knowledge of nature and its laws. Philosophy on the other hand deals with the fundamental nature of cosmos, of man and of mans relationship to existence. Whereas science tries to take a microscopic perspective in business solving, philosophy tends to take a macroscopic perspective in problem solving . In world-wide, philosophy questions a good deal atomic number 18 a series of why-questions, whereas science is often said to ask how-questions. In the nomenclature of Ayn Rand In the realm of intelligence, the special sciences are the trees, but philosophy is the soil which makes the forest possible. (Ayn Rand in Philosophy Who Needs It) principally speaking philosophy is an attitude, an approach, or even a calling to answer or to ask or to comment upon legitimate peculiar kinds of questions.Science and philosophy stool always supported each other. plot philosophy utilizes scientific discoveries to give it cleverness and a basis for generalizations, science utilizes philosophy to get a world positioning and perceive things from the framework of universal principles. It is a well known position that early scientific ideas came from philosophers. The atomic social structure of things was first expressed by Democritus and later grow on by Lucretius and Diderot. What wa s hypothetically conceived by them was declared a scientific fact two centuries later. The Cartesian reflux as it is known in science was proposed by philosophers to explain conservation of motion in the universe.Spinoza hypothesized determinism based on a general philosophical recognition. The idea of the existence of molecules as complex particles consisting of atoms was developed in the works of the French philosopher Pierre Gassendi and as well Russias Mikhail Lomonosov. The hypothesis of the cellular structure of animal and vegetable organisms, the idea of the phylogenesis and universal connection of phenomena and the principle of the visible unity of the world were all obtained by means of philosophical thought. Lenin as a philosopher speculate the principle of the inexhaustibility of matter which scientists consider as a firm methodological base (Spirkin, 1983).Just as science progressed through philosophical thought, philosophy was also enriched by science. The philos ophical world view and methodology was impacted greatly with every major scientific discovery.  philosophical theories, statements and conclusions are deduced on the basis of scientific facts. Moreover, philosophical propositions, principles, concepts and laws are discovered through the generalization of these facts. euclidean geometry and the mechanics of Galileo and Newton are scientific discoveries that impacted human reasoning in a significant manner. Copernicus heliocentric system changed the whole conception of the structure of the universe and Darwins theory of evolution, changed the general perception of mans position in nature. Mendeleyevs table of chemical elements compound arrangement the structure of matter. Einsteins theory of relativity exposed the relationship between matter, motion, space and time. The theory of higher(prenominal) nervous activity evolved by Sechenov and Pavlov deepened the philosophers understanding of the material foundations of mental activi ty, of consciousness. The creation and reading by Marx, Engels and Lenin of the science of the laws of development of human society contributed further to philosophy in the realm of natural and social twirl of events (Spirkin, 1983).The history of natural and social science shows that scientists, on several occasions have leaned on world-views and methodological principles, categories and logical systems evolved by philosophers in the process of their researches. All scientists who sound off in terms of theory have expressed their gratitude in their writings and in their speeches.Thus, we find that the connection between philosophy and science is mutual. exactly this statement is found to be debatable among experts. There is a strong argument among scientists and philosophers that the two disciplines of science and philosophy do not necessarily need each other for growth. But there are others who feel that science can be informed by philosophy. Philosophy is highly valued cod to its interconnection with life. But then, there are others who argue that philosophy is based on vague theorizing and it should not have any link to science. However, it is significant to note that there is no such warning for philosophers to keep away from science. The specific sciences cannot and should not break their connections with true philosophy (Spirkin, 1983).Most scientists, especial(prenominal) those who work with theories would agree that creative activity is closely linked with philosophy and that without atrocious knowledge of philosophical culture the results of that activity cannot become theoretically effective. Scientists with a justly theoretical gain, have always accepted the significance of philosophy to the growth of science. Philosophy does not replace the specialised sciences and does not command them, but it does arm them with general principles of theoretical intellection, with a method of cognition and world-view. In this sense scientific philosoph y legitimately holds one of the key positions in the system of the sciences.Truly scientific thought is philosophical to the core just as truly philosophical thought is deeply scientific, rooted in the sum-total of scientific achievements. Philosophical training gives the scientist a extensiveness and penetration, a wider scope in posing and firmness problems. Sometimes these qualities are brilliantly expressed, as in the work of Marx, particularly in his Capital, or in Einsteins wide-ranging natural scientific conceptions. The interconnection between science and philosophy that has existed through the years has only grown stronger with time. It is unrealizable to achieve complete understanding of theories link to global problems without a coarse grasp of inter-disciplinary and philosophical views.There are some people who argue that science has no need of philosophy. It is their contention that science is in itself philosophy. They hold that scientific knowledge is fit to pro vide answers to all problems including philosophical problems. But the cunning of philosophy lies in the fact that any form of contempt for it, any rejection of philosophy is in itself a kind of philosophy. It is as impossible to get unblock of philosophy as it is to rid oneself of all convictions. Many scientists who have maintained the positions of oil empiricism and scorned philosophy have eventually fallen into mysticism. Absence of philosophical assumptions antedates to intellectual sign upness.Science needs philosophy due to its diversified branches. As Science has become so ramified, no can today master any particular subject such as care for or biology or mathematics. Scientists are trying to know as much as possible about as little as possible. This kind of specific specialism is both good and bad. Without narrow specialization there can be no progress in science and at the same time, such specialization must be constantly change out by a broad inter-disciplinary app roach, by the integrative power of philosophical reason. Narrow specialization has no breadth of vision and can thus lead to empiricism, to the endless description of particulars.While science requires researchers to look externally, philosophers tend to look both internally and externally at the world around man and mans place in that world. This wholesome perception provided by philosophical consciousness is wistful in its very essence. Philosophy is not only an abstract science. It also deals with virtuous principles, ethics, and conscience. Today, advances in science have brought some(prenominal) kinds of conflict to society. For example, there is the question regarding thermonuclear bomb. Is it wrong for a nation to acquire nuclear bomb? Only honorable thinking combined with scientific thinking can provide the right answer. such questions as this one cannot be answered by science alone.While there are many examples showing that philosophical thought was behind many scient ific discoveries, Bernal conceived that science was the starting point for philosophy it was the very basis of philosophy. Marxist social theory emerged within this process. For Bernal, there was no philosophy, no social theory, and no knowledge indie of science. Science was the foundation of it all (Sheehan, 1985). As Bernal saw the transition to the future, scientific and left philosophical thinking played a key role.  For a long time, philosophers as diverse as David Hume, Karl Marx, and Edmund Husser felt that philosophy was scientific. But, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) felt that there are some problems that science alone can deal with and others it couldnt.Science and philosophy are both different paths taken by different people who desire to explore the truth. Scientists and philosophers can be considered as seekers of true knowledge. These two subjects differ today in the nature and methodology. Despite these differences, true scientific theories are based on philosophy an d true philosophical statements have their foundation in science.