'Anatomy and Physiology Essay\r'

' make up peerlesss mind/ reap the following terms as completely and detailed as you domiciliate: 1. Inflammation- Inflammation is the bulging of troth, variety m deplete, or oppositeness carcass severs due to changeful buildup ca functiond an injury. The fluid rushes to the hurt bowl and that is what makes the puffiness. 2. spirited Fructose Corn Syrup- (HFCS) Composed of gamboge and lab chemicals. HFCS is found in treat f argons much(prenominal) as salad dressing and soda. Your dead organic structure does not realise it as fare so it shunts the HFCS to a cryptic mobile ph wholeness and that is what causes saddleing gain. 3.\r\nThe 4 part of the vertebral pillar plus 1 â€Å" circumscribed” part- The four parts of the vertebral column be make up of 20 nine vertebrae individually stranded by an intravertebral disc which absorbs shock to the vertebrae. The maiden part is called cervical vertebrae, there be vii of them, they argon the smallest vertebrae and they argon at the crimp of your neck. The first of the cervical vertebrae is called the atlas and the guerrilla is called axis and it allows your crack to turn positioning to side. Next are the thoracic vertebrae. The thoracic vertebrae are the next twelve chthonic your cervical vertebrae.\r\nThese vertebrae are large and thicker than the cervical vertebrae. The next sets of vertebrae are your lumbar vertebrae which are the last five vertebrae in your dispirit back. Lumbar vertebrae are your biggest, strongest and thickest vertebrae. They need to be big and strong because they support the weight of your personify. The sacrum is at the very end of your vertebral column. The sacrum is make up of five fused vertebrae. * cheer Fact: giraffes and humans have the same(p) tote up of vertebrae.* The â€Å"special” part of your vertebral column is called the tail uprise.\r\nThe coccyx is laid at the very end of your vertebral column. The coccyx has no real manoeuver. 4. Bone strikingness centre and hemoglobin- Hemoglobin plays a big g everyplacenment agency in cellular respiration and atomic tote up 8 supply. Hemoglobin carries oxygen. Bone spunk is a soft, net manage mass of connective waver that is in the medullary cavities of elevates classified as farsighted castanets. The marrow is housed in the spaces of the spongy prepares. Spongy prink is to a greater extent or less(prenominal) abundant in the proximal and distal epiphysis’s of a long bone. There are 2 types of bone marrow, red and yellow.\r\nYellow bone marrow stores fat and red marrow dutys in the compriseation of red and white stock cells. Red bone marrow receives its colourise from hemoglobin because it stores oxygen which turns pedigree red. 5. The 3 floors of the climb- The integumentary has deuce-ace parts; the shield is the come forther degree and it lack stock certificate, the se behindt layer of throw together is the dermis and i t carries nutrients, the tierce and final layer of jumble is called the hypodermic layer and it is located under the dermis. The hypodermic layer sits right Next to fat and it the closely inside layer. 6. The 3 types of muscularity meander- brawniness wind is wiped out(p) low into three layers and a covering called facia that covers every issue. The first and most(prenominal) outside layer it called epimysium and it surrounds the musculus as a whole.\r\nThe flash layer of personifybuilder tissue is cognise as the perimysium and it surrounds the bundles of energy fibers. The final and most inward layer of muscle tissue is the endomysium and it surrounds each individual muscle fiber. 7. typewrite I and II muscle fibers- legato muscle in particular has 2 types of muscle fiber, multiunit and visceral. Multiunit muscle fibers are sepa aimd unlike visceral tissue that is do up of sheets and spindle wrought cells. Multiunit muscle fibers empennage be found in the irises of your centreball and visceral tissue is greens in hollow organ like the patronage.\r\nCellular Metabolism\r\n1. exempt the function of metabolism- Metabolism builds and w pinnuleys down particles. The main function of the metabolism is to synthesize, use and store energy. 2. equal and contrast anabolism and catabolism- anabolism is the buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones which requires energy and catabolism is the opposite it sorts down large particles to produce energy.\r\n3. several(prenominal)ize how energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate be tell aparts available for cellular activities- Energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate is used for more cellular activities. To produce ATP, ADP has to concur with a third phosphate and that creates ATP for cellular activities such as glycolysis which is the first step in cellular respiration. 4. get a line the step of protein synthesis- Information from DNA is put down into mRNA, which is messenger RNA, and hence the mRNA is translated into a series of amino acids. The two steps are transcription and so translation.\r\nintegumental governance\r\n1. Describe the structure of the layers of the cutis- The shell is the top layer that you can exigency and it lacks store. Next is the dermis, the dermis carries nutrients and keep backs the hair follicles, it besides contain your eliminate secretory organ ducts. The most inner layer of the skin is called the subcutaneous layer, it is not a true layer of skin simply it helps to conserve eubstance heat up and it helps withstand out undesired heat from the outside. 2. Summarize the factors that determine skin color- Skin color is determined by and large by melanin. Everyone has approximately the same number of melanocytes nevertheless genetics determine how closely and how much melanin the melanocytes produce.\r\nThe more melanin you have the darker your skin is. 3. Describe wound healing- The wound and the area around it become swollen or inflamed due to fluid that leaked into the injured area. This is not a bad clearg because it provides the area with more nutrients and oxygen which support healing. If a fragmentise on the skin is shallow then the epithelial cells break faster and the new cells fill the broken area. If the cut is deep into the dermis or subcutaneous layer to inception vessels form a birth clot and the modify tissue fluids help to form a give away. Cells work continuously to clear out-of-door dead cells and other remains and at long last it is all replaced with new cells under the scab and they scab will in era come off.\r\nIf the wound is deep then extensive construction of collagenous fibers whitethorn create a raised pct of skin called a scar. 4. How can a person avoid developing skin malignant neoplastic disease during their life clip?- In auberge to avoid developing skin cancer a person should avoid exposing their skin to in mellow spirits-intensity sunlight , use sunscreens, examine skin regularly. 5. discover two simulations of modified sweat glands in the personify and what they veil- The two types of sweat glands are eccrine glands and apocrine glands.\r\nEccrine glands publish sweat that is carries by means of a vacuum tube called a duct and mercantile establishmentd at the wax of a pore. (Ex: Eccrine glands release the sweat that you feel on your palms when you get queasy.) The apocrine glands, become active when you hit puberty, secrete sweat as well just now they release it when a person is emotionally upset, sexually aroused, scared or in pain. Sweat develops a scent when it interacts with bacteria.\r\n6. What two specific properties of skin allow it to arrange body temperature?- In order to get body temperature the skin needs to release heat as needed or conserve heat as needed. When the body becomes in like manner hot it sends a substance to your blood vessels to dilate and that allows blood to come in and heat to escape. When your body becomes too cold it sends a message to your blood vessels to constrict which does not allow heat to escape your body.\r\nSkeletal System\r\n1. apologize how calcium levels are maintained in the blood and bone- Homeostasis of the calcium levels in bone is controlled by resorption and deposition of calcium into the bone up. Also 3-5% of calcium in bones is exchanged each year. If you have less than 3-5% you would be a midget but if you have more than 3-5% then you would be a giant. Osteoclasts break down bone and osteoblasts build bone.\r\n2. Explain why the berm joint and hip joints are more mobile than the feel joints- The shoulder and hips joints are ball-and-socket joints and are more mobile than your finger joints, which are condylar joints, because ball-and-socket joints are literally a ball like wrought bone that sits in a cup shaped pitfall in anther bone. The view and shape of these bones allows for rotation and attempt on all planes. Condy lar joints like the fingers are like puzzles everything fits together. But appease like a puzzle you can bend them it but they don’t rotate. 3. List the active tissues in a bone-\r\nBone tissue\r\nCartilage\r\n with child(p) connective tissue\r\nBlood\r\n coursey tissue\r\n4. abstract amongst the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name the major parts of each- The axial skeleton constitutes of your thoracic detain which is your ribs, vertebral column, and sternum, and xiphoid process. The axial skeleton incorporate of your limbs(arms and legs), pectoral girdle(scapula and clavicles), and your pelvic girdle(coccyx, sacrum, ilium, ischium, pubis frontal and medial) 5. List six types of synovial joints, and give away the actions of each- Ball-and-socket- Movement in all planes and enables rotation. Condylar- medley of sackment in antithetical planes but no rotation.\r\nPlane- Sliding or twisting.\r\nHinge- modulation or extension.\r\nPivot- Rotation around a ce ntral axis.\r\nSaddle- Variety of bms, mainly in two planes.\r\n6. List all 6 types of synovial joints and cover/excuse each one. List one example for each- Ball-and-socket-Ball shaped head of a bone articulates with the cavity of another bone. (Ex: hip) Condylar-oval-shaped condyle f one bone articulates with egg-shaped cavity of another bone. (Ex: Phalanges. Excluding the thumb)\r\nPlane-articulating bulge outs are almost flat or slightly curved. (Ex: carpals)\r\nHinge-Convex surface of one bone articulates with a concave surface of another. (Ex: elbow)\r\nPivot-Cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with the ring of bone and ligament. (Ex: vertebrae)\r\nSaddle-the surface of one bone fits the surfaces of another. (Ex: thumb)\r\nMuscular System\r\n1. What happens to muscles when a weight lifter becomes inactive? †when a weight lifter becomes inactive his muscle mass is going to gravel to decrease because he isn’t utilise them. His muscles are just going to keep shrinking and shrinking. This happens as quickly as two weeks. 2. Describe the sliding string theory and steps of muscular contraction- Muscle fiber releases ACh.\r\nProtein receptors perceive Ach being released.\r\n super C light (stimulus) is received by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. symbol to release Ca+. Ca+ is granted to sarcoplasm.\r\nCa+ interacts with your tropomyosin and triponin.\r\nActin will â€Å"cross-bridge” (contraction)\r\nCa+ returns to the sarcoplasmic reticulum so link is broken and muscle relaxes. 3. Describe the differences between slowly- pilfer and fast-twitch muscle fibers- slow twitch muscle give you the aptitude to do consummation for a s change surface-day period of time because they fatigue gradual and are efficient in the use of oxygen to produce more fuel or ATP.\r\nFast twitch muscle fibers are good for fast bursts of exercise because they fatigue quickly and they can sacking more rapidly than slow twitch fibers. 4. find out th e major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber, and the function of each- Myofibrils- they consist of actin and myosin and aid in the act of contraction. Myosin- recondite protein\r\nActin- thin protein\r\nSarcomere- units for muscle contraction\r\n-I bands- composed of actin\r\n-Z lines-\r\n5. Explain how muscular contractions move body parts and help maintain posture-Muscle note of hand is a form of sustained contractions, which are contractions that occur even when we appear to be standing so far. They keep our body respectable a.k.a. posture. These contractions are responses to nerve impulses that come from the spinal anesthesia anesthesia cord and stimulate the muscle fibers to move. If our body loses muscle tone then we would collapse. Which is what happens when a person is unconscious.\r\nNervous System\r\n1. Describe the general functions of the chief stem- the witstem is scatter mavined tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord. The brainstem has three separa te parts. Midbrain- reflex centers associated with the eyes and head movement. Pons- transmits impulses between the cerebrum and other parts of the nauseous ashes. Also helps regulate breathing lightbulb Oblongata- transmits all ascending (to the brain) and descending (away from the brain) impulses and contains several vital and non-vital reflex centers. 2. Why can a person still be alive even though they are â€Å"brain dead?”- You can still be alive and be brain dead it just means that your brain stem doesn’t work.\r\nWhen you are brain dead its like being in a coma. You can’t move anything or understand anything but you are still there. You would live in a hospital or have 24/7 monitoring and you would be living(a) off tubes and wires. 3. Describe the coverings of the brain and spinal cord- the first layer of covering over the brain and spinal cord is dura mater matter.\r\nDura matter is the outermost layer. It make up of tough, white, fibrous connective tissue and contains many blood vessels and also nerves. The chip layer is arachnoid matter. This matter is thin and does not contain many blood vessels and it lies right below the dura matter. The inward layer and final layer is the pia matter. This matter is very thin and does contain many blood vessels and nerves to sustain underlying cells in the brain and spinal cord. 4. give ear the cranial nerves and appoint their major functions-\r\nOlfactory- sense of smell\r\nOptic- view\r\nOculomotor- eye movement\r\nTrigeminal- controls facial nerve expressions\r\nVestibular- controls auditory sense and vestibular\r\nGlassopharengeal- controls tongue\r\nVagus- longest nerve in the body\r\nAccessory- shoulders and neck movement\r\nHypoglossal- tongue in speaking movement, swallowing, and chewing. Trochlear- eye movement\r\nAbducens- eye movement\r\nFacial- facial expressions\r\nVestibulochlear- house hearing receptors\r\n5. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic s urgical incisions of the autonomic spooky system- The sympathetic division are your fight or flight responses. If you are get clavusered in an ally you a have a set of responses that you whitethorn put forward. This division acts under lineful situations. The parasympathetic division is your responses for normal situations. This division activates under normal situations.\r\nThe Senses\r\n1. Describe how the sense of pain is produced- free nerve endings on your skin pick up bear upon from sensations of pain and send them to the brain. There are two different types, touch and printing press is contact to the surface of the body and deep pressure senses are impulses from pain in the internal tissues. 2. Explain the appliance for smell- the olfactive nerve is the nerve in your body that controls the sense of smell. Your sense of smell is a chemoreceptor so it picks up and reacts with the chemicals that you smell.\r\n3. Explain the mechanism for discernment- Taste is also a ch emoreceptor. The organs of taste are located in the papillae, which are otherwise go as your taste buds. You have 5 different taste cells, sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty. In order to taste the chemicals in food your saliva has to break down the chemicals and release them before your papillae picks up on the taste. 4. Name the parts and explain the functions of the outer, center of attention, and inner part of the ear-The outer ear is made up of our auricle and the outside(a) acoustic meatus. It simply picks up labored and funnels sound into the next part of the ear, which is the middle ear.\r\nThe middle ear is made up of the tympanic cavity otherwise get laidn as the eardrum. The ear drum is made up of three auditory bones in which the vibration pass through and create the sound that is sent to the inner ear where the auditory cortex interprets the sensory(prenominal) impulses. 5. Distinguish between static and dynamical sense of equilibrium- static equilibrium sens es when the head is still and maintains balance throughout and dynamic equilibrium senses when the body and head are miserable and tries to maintain balance.\r\nEndocrine System\r\n1. Explain how insulin and glucagon work together to regulate blood levels of glucose- Glucagon and insulin work against each other in the regulating of blood sugar. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert around noncarbohydrates, for example amino acids, into glucose to raise the blood sugar. Insulin on the other hand does the admit opposite. Insulin stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose.\r\nAlso, the secernment of insulin encourages transport of amino acids into cells, subjoins the rate and time of protein synthesis, and stimulates adipose cells to synthesize and store fat. 2. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine gland glands- the exocrine glands secret endocrine glands into ducts and the endocrine system secretes hormones into body fluids. The Endocrine system has 5 parts, the pituitary, thyroidal, parathyroid, adrenal, and pancreas.\r\n3. Name and describe the major endocrine glands and diagnose the hormones they secrete- Pituitary- hormones: pituitary gland which is at the free radical of the brain and it controls all hormones, the growth hormone uses carbohydrates at a faster rate in order to make your body grow, next is the thyroid-stimulating hormone which controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid but the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH, last is the anti diaretic hormone which forces the kidneys to conserve water. Thyroid- the thyroid gland is made up of follicles that store hormones and it is located in the neck.\r\nThe thyroid gland releases thymine and triiodothyronine, which change magnitude the metabolic rate of cells, provoke protein synthesis and stimulate lipid operation. Parathyroid- secretory cells that contain capillaries. The parathyroid gland secretes the parathyroid hormone, which incre ases blood calcium and decreases blood phosphate ion levels. Adrenal- made up of the adrenal medulla, which secretes epinephrin and nonrepinephrine. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system controls the secretion of these hormones. The adrenal cortex also makes up the adrenal gland and it produces a number of steroid hormones such as aldosterone, and cortisol, and adrenal sex hormones.\r\nPancreas- the pancreas secretes digestive juices and hormones. The pancreas is attached to the small intestine and it secretes glucagon and insulin. (See number 1) 4. Describe how the body responds to stress- Stress is caused by a threat to the maintenance of homeostasis. The hypothalamus controls the stress responses. These responses include your fight or flight responses such as raise in blood sugar, glycerol and fatty acids. change magnitude heart rate, blood pressure and an increase in the breathing rate, increase in epinephrine from the adrenal medulla (See resoluteness 3).\ r\nDigestive System and Nutrition\r\n1. Identify each of the organs/structures of the digestive system and discuss how the function of each one contributes to the digestive process- Mouth- aids in the mechanized break down of food. This process begins digestion. salivary glands- release an enzyme called saliva which begins the chemical digestion of food and produces the taste also. Pharynx- pushes food to the esophagus.\r\nEsophagus- pushes food the stomach\r\nStomach- when the stomach receives the food from the esophagus it mixes it with juices and begins the protein digestion then to is sent to the small intestine. Small intestine- takes out the nutrients from the food and moves the waste to the large intestine. cock-a-hoop intestine- reabsorbs water to form\r\nfeces.\r\n2. Name and describe the many negative health personal effects and diseases associated with gamboge syrup/high fructose corn syrup consumption- Obesity- excessive weight gain is a result of the increase in con sumption of HFCS. Your body cannot recognize HFCS as a food so it shunts it to a fat cell and you eat more because you don’t know your full. Liver- fructose can only break down in liver so it makes your liver fatty which can depart to diabetes Diabetes- high or low blood sugar in this case high because you consume so much work sugar that your body secretes it into your blood because it doesn’t know what else to do with it.\r\n3. In class, I used ketchup and processed-peanut butters as an example that not many people know contain corn syrup and high fructose corn sugar (among other sugars). List 4 products that contain corn syrup/high fructose corn syrup that would ‘trick’ a consumer- breadstuff\r\nBarbecue sauce\r\nGood (supposedly) cereals even ‘Special K’\r\nCrackers\r\nHamburgers\r\n'